New energy battery with relay
The energy loss rate is quantified by the ratio of the energy lost by the relay losses to the total energy released by the battery, which is expressed as (12) Q loss % = ∑ k = 0 M I k 2 · R D ∑ k = 0 M I k 2 · R D + ∑ k = 0 M U k · I k × 100 where I k is the output current of the battery pack at time k, U k is the terminal voltage of ...