n-type solar energy
1. Introduction. In global photovoltaic (PV) industry, p-type passivated emitter rear cell (PERC) is the mainstream technology in recent years thanks to its relatively simple process and low manufacturing cost because of using Al paste to form Al-doped back surface field (BSF) and make ohmic contact in one high-temperature firing step (Rohatgi et al., 1999, Rauer …